Research projects

ONGOING RESEARCH PROJECTS

Experimental nuclear and particle physics

Search for strangelet particles in Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN SPS accelerator (NA52 experiment)
Director of research: J. Tuominiemi, sen. ass., Researchers: J.Tuominiemi, T. LindÈn
Abstract: Experiment NA52 is designed to search for strangelets, particles consisting of new type of strange matter, and formation of quark-gluon plasma in high energy heavy ion collisions. Experimental runs were completed in 1998, analysis of the collected data is under way. The experiment is a collaborative effort of the University of Bern, University of Helsinki, CERN, LAPP Annecy, University of Stockholm and HEP Laboratory Strasbourg. (Timetable: 1993 -)

CMS experiment with the LHC collider at CERN
Director of research: J. Tuominiemi, sen. ass., Researchers: J. Tuominiemi, T. LindÈn, R. Kinnunen, E. Pietarinen
Abstract: The CMS experiment is designed to study new phenomena accessible at the 15 TeV hadron collider under construction at CERN. The main goals of the experiment are clarification of the spontaneous braking of the electro-weak gauge symmetry of the elementary particle interactions and existence of the fermion-boson supersymmetry. These phenomena should lead to the existence of new types of elementary particles like the Higgs bosons and the supersymmetric particles. CMS is a collaborative effort of 130 universities and research institutes from the CERN member states, from United States, from Russia, from China and other non-member states. (Timetable: 1990 - 2006)

DELPHI experiment at the CERN LEP accelerator
Director of research: R. Orava, doc., Researchers: H. Saarikko, M. Battaglia, R. Orava, J. Pennanen, K. ÷sterberg
Abstract: The emphasis is on the precision tests of the electroweak theory, in particular rare processes, accompanied with the development of detector hardware and software tools for particle identification. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Study of exotic nuclei by the gas-filled mass separator RITU
Director of research: K. Eskola prof., Researchers: M. Leino, K. Eskola, P. Kuusiniemi, H. Kettunen, W.H. Trzaska
Abstract: The gas-filled separator RITU provides an effective and fast means of separating fusion products from other type of reaction residues and from beam particles. In association with suitable particle detectors setups and "crystal ball" gamma arrays decay studies of short lived, exotic new nuclides and in-beam studies of very neutron deficient nuclei are carried out. (Timetable: 1993 -)

The Research for Nuclear High-spin states
Director of research: B. Fant, sen. ass., Researchers: B. Fant
Abstract: High spin spectroscopy studies have been done in cooperation with groups at the Accelerator Laboratory in Jyv‰skyl‰, the Dept. of Physics in ˜bo Academy and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Shell structure and shape co-existence in nuclei in the lead region are investigated. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Inverse reactions in lifetime and stopping power measurements
Director of research: P. Tikkanen; lab. eng., doc.; Researchers: P. Tikkanen; J. Keinonen; K. Arstila; A. Kangasm‰ki; S. Raman
Abstract: Doppler shift attenuation method is used to systematic studies of short nuclear lifetimes (1-1000 fs) of excited levels in 1p and sd-shell nuclei. Doppler shift attenuation measurements and analysis are used to obtain velocity dependence and systematic values of electronic stopping powers in the vicinity of Bohr velocity. (Timetable: 1993 -)


Theoretical nuclear and particle physics

Methods in Field Theory
Director of research: M. Chaichian, prof., Researchers: M. Chaichian, C. Montonen
Abstract: High level mathematical physics and field theory research. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Quantum field theory models and their applications in condensed matter and particle physics
Director of research: C. Cronstrˆm, prof. Researchers: C. Cronstrˆm, M. Noga, H. Snellman, J. Mickelsson, S. Hemming, T. Raita
Abstract: Quantum field theory models and their applications in condensed matter and particle physics. Application of both functional methods and canonical methods in non-linear models such as the non-linear sigma model and the coupled Yang-Mills-Dirac system. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Particle cosmology
Director of research: K. Enqvist, sen. res. (Academy of Finland). Researchers: K. Enqvist, K. Kajantie, J. Ignatius, H. Kurki-Suonio, J. Maalampi, J. Peltoniemi, P. Ker‰nen, E. Sihvola, A. Jokinen, A. Sorri
Abstract: The emphasis is on the phenomena related to the dense matter of the early universe. Relevant are also laboratory experiments using heavy ion collisions and the measurement of the microwave background temperature fluctuations. (Timetable: 1990 -)

Finite temperature phase transitions in particle physics
Director of research: K. Kajantie, prof. Researchers: K. Kajantie, K. Enqvist, H. Kurki-Suonio, M. Laine, A. Rajantie, Y. Schrˆder
Abstract: The aim is the investigation of the thermodynamics and critical behaviour (phase transitions) predicted by the laws of particle physics for matter under extreme conditions. The main goal is to reach a physical understanding of the physics in the vicinity of the electroweak and QCD transitions. - Methodologically, the goal is to combine optimal analytic techniques with powerful numerical computations. (Timetable: 1997 - 2001, EU Network FMRX-CT97-0122)

Theoretical nuclear and hadron physics
Director of research: D.O. Riska, prof., Researchers: D.O. Riska, K. Dannbom, C. Helminen
Abstract: (a) structure of light nuclei and their electromagnetic weak and strong reactions, (b) structure of baryons as analyzed with effective chiral Lagrangian models including the topological soliton model, (c) phenomenology of confinement, (d) meson structure and decays (Timetable: 1993 -)

Theoretical and phenomenological study of weak interactions
Director of research: J. Maalampi; sen. ass.; Researchers: J. Maalampi; K. Huitu; P. Ker‰nen; A. Pietil‰; K. Puolam‰ki; M. Raidal; I. Vilja; A. Kalliom‰ki; J. Laitinen; T. Multam‰ki; J. Peltoniemi; N. Romanenko; V. Sipil‰inen
Abstract: The main subjects concern properties and interactions of neutrinos, particularly in astrophysics and cosmology, as well as various beyond-the-Standard-Model electroweak theories and their testing at the LHC and Next Linear Collider. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Supersymmetric theories
Director of research: C. Montonen; doc. (aman., on leave); Researchers: C. Montonen; M. Chaichian; K. Huitu; W.-F. Chen
Abstract: The project studies supersymmetric string and field theories and attempts at achieving a more fundamental formulation for the string and brane theories related by duality transformations. (Timetable: 1996 -, NorFA funding)

Low and intermediate energy hadron physics
Director of research: J. Niskanen; sen. ass., doc., Researchers: J. Niskanen; A.M. Green; M. Sainio; P. Pennanen; J. Heikkinen; P. Piirola; J. Koponen
Abstract:The aim is to produce new information about systems of strongly interacting particles by calculations based in fundamental theories and influence on the interpretation and planning of intermediate energy experiments. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Statistical field theory
Director of research: J. Honkonen; sen. ass., doc., Researchers: J. Honkonen; M. Hnatich; M. Nalimov
Abstract: Methods of quantum field theory are applied to the analysis of dynamical systems, stochastic processes and critical phenomena. (Timetable: 1989 -)

EURODAPHNE: High Precision Elementary Particle Physics at the phi-factory DAPHNE
Director of research: N.A. Tˆrnqvist; res., doc.; Researchers: N.A. Tˆrnqvist; M. Sainio
Abstract: The main objective is to investigate problems on fundamental symmetries, electroweak and strong QCD physics that may be explored at the European phi-factory DAPHNE, Frascati, Italy. The work will concern: (i) CP and CPT physics in the kaon system, (ii) chiral perturbation theory and models for low-energy dynamics of light and strange quarks, (iii) K- and eta-meson decays, (iv) a novel analysis on pion-pion scattering at threshold and phaseshift structure from K decay, (v) total hadronic cross-section in electron-positron collisions below 2 GeV, (vi) vector mesons in effective lagrangians, (vii) gluon dynamics and spectroscopy above phi-meson, (viii) nuclear physics with kaons from phi-decays. (Timetable: 1998 - 2002, TMR Network)

Space physics

Space Physics
Director of research: H. Koskinen; prof.; Researchers: H. Koskinen; P. Pulkkinen; J.S. M‰kel‰
Abstract: Research in space physics is directed to space plasma physics and solar physics. A particular topic is the plasma physical interaction between the Sun and the magnetosphere of the Earth and other planets. The research is conducted in close co -operation with the space physics research at the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). Scientists at the University and at FMI participate actively in the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Programme, which deals with observations from several spacecraft and various ground-based facilities. One of the major goals of the programme is to develop methods to forecast the so-called space weather, i.e., disturbances in the electromagnetic and plasma conditions in the near-earth space. (Timetable: 1997 -)

Materials physics

Low-temperature Structures of Materials
Director of research: M. Blomberg; lab. eng., doc.; Researchers: M. Blomberg; V.I. Simonov; V.N. Molchanov; N.I. Sorokina; I.A. Verin; B.A. Maximov
Abstract: The aim of the project is to study relations between the structure and physical properties of crystalline materials. The crystallographic fine structures are determined from small single crystals at different temperatures (10...300 Kelvins) using a four-circle diffractometer and a helium cryostat. The main interest is on phase transitions, structure modulations, and electron density distributions in high-temperature superconductors, ferroelectric and superionic compounds, and optically non-linear materials. (Timetable: 1998 -)

Synchrotron radiation spectroscopy
Director of research: S. Manninen; lect.; Researchers: S. Manninen; P. Suortti; T. ˜berg; K. H‰m‰l‰inen; V. Honkim‰ki; S. Hein‰sm‰ki; A. Soininen; J. Laukkanen; H. Sutinen, S. Galambosi, S. Huotari
Abstract: Research on the electronic and structural properties of condensed matter by using x-rays and synchrotron radiation. (Timetable: 1998 - 2000)

X-ray scattering studies of polymeric materials
Director of research: R. Serimaa; sen. ass.; Researchers: R. Serimaa; M. Torkkeli; K. Jokela; M. Karjalainen; T. Ikonen; S. Vahvaselk‰; V. Etel‰niemi
Abstract: Structural characterization of polymer materials by means of x-rays and synchrotron radiation. The studies are a part of the joint research aiming at development of new polymer materials. (Timetable: 1996 -)

The structure of wood cells
Director of research: T. Paakkari, prof.; Researchers: T. Paakkari, R. Serimaa, S. Andersson, M. Saren, S. Siiri‰
Abstract: Wood cell structure by x-ray scattering and microscopy. (Timetable: 1998 -)

Interactions of ions and solids: Energy loss and scattering
Director of research: E. Rauhala; sen. ass., doc.; Researchers: E. Rauhala; J. R‰is‰nen; T. Ahlgren; A. Nurmela; P. Pusa
Abstract: Stopping powers of various materials, e.g., semiconductors, metals and polymers for different light and medium heavy ions are measured. Elastic scattering cross sections near or above the Coulomb barrier are measured for ion-target combinations relevant to the ion backscattering and elastic recoil detection techniques. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Materials analysis by low energy accelerators
Director of research: E. Rauhala; sen. ass., doc.; Researchers: E. Rauhala; R. Lappalainen; J. R‰is‰nen; T. Ahlgren; A. Sepp‰l‰; P. Torri
Abstract: Ion beam analysis methods are developed and applied to characterize semiconductor and metallurgical materials, medical, biological and archeological samples. By using the channeling technique, crystal structure and crystal damage induced by ion implantation are studied. Annealing behavior of the defects and the lattice location of doped impurity atoms within the crystal lattice are investigated. (Timetable: 1994 - )

Amorphous and nano crystalline thin films and multilayers
Director of research: R. Lappalainen; sen. res. (Academy of Finland), doc., prof., Researchers: R. Lappalainen; P. Torri; J.-P. Hirvonen; P. Pekko, S. Lehti
Abstract: We have developed new nanocrystalline materials in the form of thin films consisting of homogeneously mixed components or multilayers. By the control of crystallization and microstructure, it is possible to produce novel materials with superior properties compared to normal bulk materials. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Mechanical testing and evaluation of biomaterials
Director of research: R. Lappalainen; sen. res. (Academy of Finland), doc., prof., Researchers: R. Lappalainen; Y.T. Konttinen; A. Anttila; S. Santavirta; P. Pekko; S. Lehti
Abstract: Mechanical properties of artificial and natural implant materials and their evaluation are relevant before and during clinical use, as the recent material problems in Finland (7000 extra hip replacements, 200 defective heart valves, several failures of bonegrafts used in neck surgery) have pointed out. (Timetable: 1997 -)

Preparation of diamond-like coatings using pulsed plasma acceleration method
Director of research: A. Anttila; prof.; Researchers: A. Anttila; R. Lappalainen; M. Hakovirta; P. Pekko, V.-M. Tiainen, E. Alakoski, J. Salo. A member of the National Centre of Excellence studying biomaterials
Abstract: Fundamental research and applications of the pulsed plasma acceleration method. Increasing the lifetime of hip endoprostheses by amorphous diamond coating. Evaluation of biological host response to new materials. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Advanced Epitaxial Compound Semiconductors for Optoelectronics
Director of research: J. R‰is‰nen, doc., prof.; Researchers: J. R‰is‰nen; J. Keinonen; E. Rauhala; T. Ahlgren; A. Sepp‰l‰; J. Slotte; A. Nurmela; P. Pusa
Abstract: The project is part of the national collaboration concerning the development of wide-gap compound semiconductors. The Accelerator Laboratory supports the project by providing ion beam based characterisations and produces and tests standards. Physical properties of compound semiconductors are also studied and experiments on ion-solid interactions (including diffusion of dopant atoms and ohmic contact materials, diffusion mechanisms, damage formation induced by ion implantation, radiation resistance of solar cell materials) are performed. (Timetable: 1997 -)

Ion implantation and analysis of thin film electroluminescent display materials
Director of research: J. Keinonen, prof., Researchers: R. Lappalainen; J. Keinonen; M. Leskel‰; M. Ritala; M. Karjalainen; W.-M. Li; K. Arstila; T. Sajavaara
Abstract: Development of new electroluminescent structures by using ion beam methods for the analysis and modification of ALE-grown thin films. Mobility and effects of impurity and dopant atoms on properties of electroluminescent displays are investigated. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Retention of hydrogen in carbon based materials
Director of research: J. Keinonen; prof.; Researchers: J. Keinonen; K. Nordlund; E. Vainonen-Ahlgren; T. Ahlgren; T. Sajavaara; A. Sepp‰l‰
Abstract: The objective is to find out and understand parameters which affect hydrogen release in diamondlike carbon (DLC) and carbon composite coatings and utilize the knowledge in the development of coatings planned to be used as divertor materials in fusion reactors. - Physical properties of the DLC coatings and silicon doped carbon composites are characterized. - Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the sputtering and thermal etching of divertor materials and chemical compound formation in them. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the concentration-dependent diffusion of hydrogen isotopes are used to study how traps and surfaces affect the migration process. (Timetable: 1995 -, EU project)

Processing of materials with ion beams
Director of research: J. Keinonen; prof.; Researchers: J. Keinonen; E. Rauhala; P. Tikkanen; K. Nordlund; T. Ahlgren; K. Arstila; M. Gustafsson; A. Nurmela; T. Sajavaara; A. Sepp‰l‰; J. Sillanp‰‰; J. Tarus; J. Slotte; E. Vainonen-Ahlgren
Abstract: The goal is to improve the understanding of the mechanisms in ion beam modifications of materials and to develop new processing methods and materials. The project focuses on damage formation in semiconductor materials, complex structures like metallic bilayer interfaces in semiconductors and metals, slowing down mechanisms of ions and wall materials for fusion reactors. Ion beam and complementary techniques will be used to improve the present-day understanding of defects, doping, diffusion, and surface and interface structures in sample preparation and characterization. State-of-the-art computer simulations of ion implantation and irradiation induced damage are performed. (Timetable: 1998 - 2001)

Coherence properties of laser light
Director of research: ˜. Lindberg; doc.; Researchers: ˜.M. Lindberg; B. StÂhlberg; S. Eriksson
Abstract: The coherence properties of laser light from a single semiconductor laser from laser systems is studied. It is investigated how the laser systems can be used in technical applications. (Timetable: 1998 - 2001)

Stabilized lasers and nonlinear laser spectroscopy
Director of research: B. StÂhlberg; lab.ins., doc.; Researchers: B. StÂhlberg; ˜.M. Lindberg; S. Eriksson
Abstract: Laser spectroscopy is performed in gases and ion beams. The interaction between laser light and matter is investigated. The spectroscopic and interaction research results are utilized in the development of stabilized (semiconductor-) lasers. (Timetable: 1995 - )




Modelling of molecular interactions
Director of research: B. Mannfors; ass., doc., Researchers: B. Mannfors, J.T. Koskinen, J. Blomqvist, N. Meinander, T. Sundius, L.-O. Pietil‰
Abstract: Material properties are predicted from molecular mechanics potential energy functions. Intermolecular interactions and potential energy surfaces of small molecules are being modelled. (Timetable: 1993 -)

Molecular spectroscopy
Director of research: F. Stenman; prof.; Researchers: F. Stenman; S.M. Eskola; O.-P. Siev‰nen, K.O. Eskola
Abstract: Complex formation kinetics and aromatic molecular crystals are studied by Raman spectroscopy and numerical methods for analysis of molecular spectra have been developed. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Aerosol and environmental physics

Formation and growth of aerosol particles at different environmental conditions
Director of research: M. Kulmala; prof.; Researchers: M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, L. Pirjola, E.D. Nilsson, P. Aalto, H. Vehkam‰ki, I. Napari
Abstract: Formation and growth of aerosol particles are investigated theoretically and experimentally. E.g. different atmospheric nucleation routes are studied and applied to several atmospheric conditions like upper troposphere and arctic boundary layer. (Timetable: 1985 -)

Aerosols, clouds and climate interaction
Director of research: M. Kulmala; prof.; Researchers: M. Kulmala; K. H‰meri; A. Laaksonen; J. M‰kel‰; T. Vesala; P. Korhonen; A. Bogdan; L. Pirjola; E. Batris; H. Hirvonen; T. Mattila; A. Kousa; A. Toivonen; P. Aalto; J. Hienola
Abstract: The increased concentration of aerosol particles shows a direct and an indirect (via clouds) tendency to cool global climate. Our main goal is to investigate the formation and growth of cloud droplets focusing on the multicomponent systems. We establish an experimentally tested theoretical basis for description of different physical and physicochemical processes which can affect the radiative properties of aerosols and clouds. (Timetable: 1990 -)

Urban air
Director of research: M. Kulmala; prof.; Researchers: K. H‰meri; M. Kulmala; M. V‰kev‰; A. Asmi; G. Buzorius
Abstract: Aerosol size distributions and concentrations outdoors and the indoor outdoor ratio are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The spatial, diurnal and annual variations are studied. Also hygroscopic properties of urban aerosols were studied. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Research at Hyyti‰l‰ / V‰rriˆ Field Stations
Director of research: M. Kulmala; prof.; Researchers: M. Kulmala; P. Hari; T. Vesala; J. M‰kel‰; P. Aalto; P. Keronen; K. H‰meri; T. Aalto; ‹. Rannik; V. Jokinen; I.K. Koponen; T. Pohja
Abstract: Practical examples of combination of physico-chemical and biological knowledge and possibility to utilize versatile up-to-date instrumentation for continuous long-term field measurements are SMEAR stations (Stations for measuring forest ecosystem-atmosphere relations). The facility comprises two installations: SMEAR I at V‰rriˆ (Lapland) and SMEAR II at Hyyti‰l‰ (boreal forest site). (Timetable: 1991 -)

Biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR)
Director of research: M. Kulmala; prof.; Researchers: M. Kulmala; J. M‰kel‰; L. Pirjola; L. Laakso
Abstract: The objective of the BIOFOR project is to determine formation mechanisms of aerosol particles in the boreal forest site and to verify emissions of secondary organic aerosols from the boreal forest site and to quantify the amount of condensable vapours produced in photochemical reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds leading to aerosol formation. (Timetable: 1997 - 1999, EU project)

Forest-atmosphere interactions
Director of research: T. Vesala; sen.ass. Researchers: T. Vesala; ‹. Rannik; P. Keronen; T. Aalto; T. Markkanen; P. Hari
Abstract: Carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy fluxes are micrometeorologically measured for a Scots pine stand. They are needed in the assesment of carbon sink and its coupling to climatic factors. Measurements are accompanied by modelling at stomatal, canopy and ecosystem scales. (Timetable: 1996 - 1999)

Xylem structure and xylem as water-conducting material
Director of research: T. Vesala; sen. ass.; Researchers: T. Vesala, S. Sevanto, A. Valli, M. Perämäki, R. Timonen, R. Sepponen, F. Sundholm, E. Nikinmaa
Abstract: Water transport of trees is investigated at microscale (tracheids) and macroscales (whole tree) by modelling, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and chemical analysis of xylem material. (Timetable: 1997 - 1999)

Measurement and Generation of Nanoparticles and Ions
Director of research: J. M‰kel‰; ass.; Researchers: J. M‰kel‰, T. Mattila, V. Hiltunen
Abstract: Measurement techniques are developed for analyzing the size and electrical mobility of nanoparticles and small air ions in the size range of 0.7-10 nm. The main aim is to establish the differential mobility analyzing technique for studying ultrafine particles and cluster ion processes. (Timetable: 1992 -)

PARFORCE - New Particle Formation and Fate in the Coastal Environment
Director of research: J. M‰kel‰; sen. ass.; Researchers: J. M‰kel‰; M. V‰kev‰; P. Aalto; I.K. Koponen; M. Kulmala
Abstract: The objectives are to elucidate and understand the processes and conditions which promote new particle formation in the coastal boundary layer. These aims will be achieved by conducting fast response measurements of nucleation rates, the complete aerosol size distribution, relevant gas phase precursors, and relevant meteorological parameters. (Timetable: 1998 - 1999)

Multidimensional factor analytic techniques for physical and environmental sciences
Director of research: P. Paatero; lab. eng., doc.; Researchers: P. Paatero; S. Juntto
Abstract: Mathematical models and automatic computational techniques are developed for processing large data sets from environmental, X-ray, magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and nuclear spectroscopic measurements. (Timetable: 1990 -)

Electronics research and Industrial Physics

The measurement methods using laser generated thermal waves in non-destructive testing
Director of research: M. Luukkala; prof.; Researchers: M. Luukkala; J. Varis; O. Karjalainen; R. Lehtiniemi
Abstract: The non-contacting measurement of delaminations and faults in composite materials and paper, the infrared imaging and quality assessment of wooden planks or boards. (Timetable: 1980 -)

The development of new optical measurement methods
Director of research: M. Luukkala; prof.; Researchers: M. Luukkala; P. Raatikainen; H. R‰ikkˆnen
Abstract: The development of electro-optical confocal microscope, the development of fiber optic sensors and measurement methods, the development of an optical microscope using local coherence, the development of an on-line meter to measure the degree of crystallinity of various polymers. (Timetable: 1995 -)

The development of ultrasonic measurement methods
Director of research: M. Luukkala; prof.; Researchers: M. Luukkala; E. Haeggstrˆm; R. Vuohelainen; J. Varis; J. Stor-Pellinen; M. Oksanen; R. Lehtiniemi; J. Hietanen
Abstract: The goal is to develop new sensors and measurement methods using optics, ultrasonics, magnetoacoustics and electronics for industry, e.g. for the detection of water penetration in printing paper and elastic constants for quality improvement. (Timetable: 1995 -)

The development of a new weather measurement station
Director of research: M. Luukkala; prof.; Researchers: M. Luukkala, A. Salmi
Abstract: Together with Vaisala we develop a new weather monitoring station without any moving mechanical parts. (Timetable: 1998 -)

HARDPHOTOTEC: Development of a Photothermal Measuring Technique for the Determination of the
Hardness Profile in Steel
Director of research: M. Luukkala; prof.; Researchers: M. Luukkala; A. Salmi; M. Oksanen; J. Varis
Abstract: The performance of surface hardened parts is a major issue in automotive and aerospace industries. There is a strong need of hardening companies to improve the quality control of their products by introducing new measurements systems which allow for non-destructive, non-contacting hardness profile measurements as an alternative to the presently used destructive inspection methods. It is the aim of this project to develop a contact free, non-destructive photothermal measurement methodology. This will result in the design of a photothermal hardness measurement system which will be important step to achieve a 100% on-line production control. (Timetable: 1998 - 2000, EU project)

Detection of contamination in food products
Director of research: M. Luukkala; prof.; Researchers: J. Aaltonen; S. HÊggstrˆm; S. Kousa
Abstract: The project is a continuation of an EU project, which dealt with detection of contamination in food projects. (Timetable: 1998 -)

Medical physics

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)
Director of research: S. Savolainen; ass., doc., Researchers: U. Abo Ramadan, C. Aschan, I. Auterinen, P. Hiism‰ki, M. Kortesm‰ki, A. Kosunen, P. Kotiluoto, J. Lampinen, P. Ryyn‰nen, T. Sepp‰l‰, T. SerÈn, M. Toivonen, P. V‰lim‰ki.
Abstract: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the most complex cancer therapeutic modalities. The research is related to the treatment planning and dosimetry of BNCT for brain tumours. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Dosimetry in therapy and diagnostics
Director of research: S. Savolainen; ass., doc., Researchers: C. Aschan, A. Kosunen, A. Kuronen, J. Lampinen, S. Rannikko, M. Toivonen, P. V‰lim‰ki
Abstract: TL dosimeters are commonly used for determining absorbed doses to patients. For therapy, it is essential to know the absorbed doses in the tumor and also to the normal tissues, especially to those critical organs limiting the treatment. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Imaging in medicine
Director of research: S. Savolainen; ass. doc., Researchers: U. Abo Ramadan; H. Aronen ; A.-M. H‰kkinen; R.Kivisaari; S. Komssi; T. Korppi-Tommola; P. Nikkinen; J. Perkkiˆ; V.-P. Poutanen; O. Sipil‰
Abstracts: a) The purpose is to provide the tools necessary for assessing the damage in acute stroke by determining a so called 'tissue at risk' with the combined diffusion and perfusion MRI. b) The purpose is to find out whether it is possible to disturb working memory processes with single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and which areas of the brain are essential for working memory task performance. c) Phantom studies have been performed for evaluation of SPET reconstruction and correction methods in brain perfusion and receptor studies. d) By using flowsimulator and blood mimicking fluid breath-hold, self-made flowsensitive phasecontrast sequences are evaluated in dynamical MRI. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Modelling in medicine
Director of research: S. Savolainen; ass., doc., Researchers: H. Aronen; A. Kangsam‰ki; I. Koponen; J. Perkiˆ; P. Ryyn‰nen
Abstract: Kinetic models of the 111In-BLMC and BPA-fructose complex (BPA-F) have been investigated in brain tumor patients. (Timetable: 1995 -)

Didactical Physics

Perceptional approach
Director of research: H. Saarikko; prof.; Researchers: K. Kurki-Suonio; H. Saarikko; A. H‰m‰l‰inen; J. Jauhiainen; V. Kallunki; J. Tiili; J. V‰is‰nen; J. Lavonen; M. Sallinen
Abstract: The emphasis is on the search for constructive principles of teaching based on the conceptual and processual structure of physics and on development of different kinds of applications for physics instruction. (Timetable: 1993 -)